Periodontal Disease
It is primarily caused by the buildup of plaque, a sticky film of bacteria that forms on the teeth.
What is Periodontal Disease?
Periodontal disease, also known as gum disease, is a serious oral health condition that affects the supporting structures of the teeth, including the gums, periodontal ligaments, and jawbone. It is primarily caused by the buildup of plaque, a sticky film of bacteria that forms on the teeth. If not effectively removed through regular brushing and flossing, plaque can harden into tartar, leading to gum inflammation and infection.
The early stage of periodontal disease is known as gingivitis, characterized by red, swollen, and bleeding gums. When left untreated, it can progress into a more severe form called periodontitis, where the infection spreads deeper into the gum tissues and can even affect the bone supporting the teeth.
Several factors contribute to the development of periodontal disease. Poor oral hygiene practices, such as inadequate brushing and flossing, increase the risk of plaque accumulation. Other risk factors include smoking, hormonal changes, certain medications, systemic diseases like diabetes, and genetic predisposition. Additionally, factors like stress, poor nutrition, and a weakened immune system can also compromise gum health.
Causes and Risk Factors of Periodontal Disease
Periodontal disease, commonly known as gum disease, can be caused by several factors and influenced by certain risk factors. The primary cause of periodontal disease is the buildup of plaque, a sticky film of bacteria that forms on the teeth.
When plaque is not adequately removed through regular brushing and flossing, it hardens into tartar, leading to gum inflammation and infection. Other factors that contribute to periodontal disease include smoking, hormonal changes (such as during pregnancy or menopause), certain medications that reduce saliva flow, systemic diseases like diabetes, and genetic predisposition.
By understanding the causes and risk factors, individuals can take proactive steps to prevent or manage periodontal disease.
Stages of Periodontal Disease: From Gingivitis to Periodontitis
Periodontal disease progresses in stages, with the initial stage being gingivitis and the more advanced stage being periodontitis. Gingivitis is characterized by inflamed gums that may appear red, swollen, and bleed easily, especially during brushing or flossing. At this stage, the damage is often reversible with proper oral hygiene practices and professional dental cleanings. However, if left untreated, gingivitis can progress into periodontitis, where the infection spreads beneath the gum line and causes the gums to pull away from the teeth, forming pockets. Periodontitis can lead to bone loss, gum recession, loose teeth, and ultimately tooth loss. Recognizing the signs and seeking timely treatment is vital to prevent the progression of periodontal disease.
Symptoms and Signs of Periodontal Disease
Periodontal disease can manifest with various symptoms and signs that individuals should be aware of.
These include persistent bad breath, tender or swollen gums, gums that bleed easily (especially during brushing or flossing), receding gums, formation of deep pockets between the teeth and gums, loose or shifting teeth, changes in bite alignment, and changes in the fit of dentures.
It is important to note that some individuals may not experience any noticeable symptoms, emphasizing the significance of regular dental check-ups for early detection and intervention.
Types of Periodontal Diseases
- Gingivitis: Gingivitis is the mildest and most common form of periodontitis. It is caused by the toxins in plaque and leads to periodontal disease. People at increased risk of developing gingivitis include pregnant women, women taking birth control pills, people with uncontrolled diabetes, steroid users and people who control seizures and blood pressure using medication.
- Chronic Periodontal Disease: Chronic periodontal disease is the most common form of the disease, and occurs much more frequently in people over 45. Chronic periodontal disease is characterized by inflammation below the gum line and the progressive destruction of the gingival and bone tissue. It may appear that the teeth are gradually growing in length, but in actuality the gums are gradually recessing.
- Aggressive Periodontal Disease: Aggressive periodontal disease is characterized by the rapid loss of gum attachment, and the rapid loss of bone tissue. The disease itself is essentially the same as chronic periodontitis but the progression is much faster. Smokers and those with a family history of this disease are at an increased risk of developing aggressive periodontitis.
- Periodontal Disease Relating to Systemic Conditions: Periodontal disease can be a symptom of a disease or condition affecting the rest of the body. Depending on the underlying condition, the disease can behave like aggressive periodontal disease, working quickly to destroy tissue. Heart disease, diabetes and respiratory disease are the most common cofactors, though there are many others. Even in cases where little plaque coats the teeth, many medical conditions intensify and accelerate the progression of periodontal disease.
- Chronic Periodontal Disease: Chronic periodontal disease is the most common form of the disease, and occurs much more frequently in people over 45. Chronic periodontal disease is characterized by inflammation below the gum line and the progressive destruction of the gingival and bone tissue. It may appear that the teeth are gradually growing in length, but in actuality the gums are gradually recessing.
Prevention and Treatment of Periodontal Disease
Preventing and treating periodontal disease involves a combination of effective oral hygiene practices and professional dental care. Individuals should brush their teeth at least twice a day with fluoride toothpaste, floss daily, and use antimicrobial mouthwash to reduce plaque and bacteria. Regular visits to the dentist for professional cleanings and comprehensive oral exams are essential for early detection and intervention. In cases of advanced periodontal disease, treatments may include scaling and root planing (deep cleaning), antibiotic therapy, gum surgery, and other specialized procedures. Adopting a holistic approach to oral health, including a balanced diet, avoiding tobacco products, and managing systemic conditions, can also contribute to the prevention and management of periodontal disease.
Meet Our Highly Trained Doctors
At our dental practice, your comfort and happiness matter to us. We’re dedicated to providing a friendly and stress-free environment for all of our patients.
Dr. Efraim Florendo
Dr. Efraim Florendo earned his Dental degree in 2000. His enthusiasm to expand his dental knowledge brought him to the field of Dental Research and he worked in San Francisco as a Dental Researcher for two years.
This vivified his passion for Dentistry and willed him to practice the Art and Science of Dentistry in various cities such as San Bruno, San Francisco, Sacramento, Vallejo, San Jose until he finally found his heart and decided to settle in the lovely and warm city of Modesto.
Dr. Alexandra Chang
Dr. Alexandra Chang, DDS, MS is a native of the San Francisco Bay area. She went to U.C. Davis for her undergraduate studies and attend U.C San Francisco for her Doctor of Dental Surgery degree. After completing her studies in Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics at The Ohio State University, she returned to California.
She has been practicing orthodontics for over 10 years and loves working with young children and adults. On her free time, she enjoys traveling and learning about new cultures. She also likes to spend with her family and two japanese bobtail cats.
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